340 lines
12 KiB
Python
340 lines
12 KiB
Python
r"""
|
|
==================================
|
|
Constants (:mod:`scipy.constants`)
|
|
==================================
|
|
|
|
.. currentmodule:: scipy.constants
|
|
|
|
Physical and mathematical constants and units.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mathematical constants
|
|
======================
|
|
|
|
================ =================================================================
|
|
``pi`` Pi
|
|
``golden`` Golden ratio
|
|
``golden_ratio`` Golden ratio
|
|
================ =================================================================
|
|
|
|
|
|
Physical constants
|
|
==================
|
|
|
|
=========================== =================================================================
|
|
``c`` speed of light in vacuum
|
|
``speed_of_light`` speed of light in vacuum
|
|
``mu_0`` the magnetic constant :math:`\mu_0`
|
|
``epsilon_0`` the electric constant (vacuum permittivity), :math:`\epsilon_0`
|
|
``h`` the Planck constant :math:`h`
|
|
``Planck`` the Planck constant :math:`h`
|
|
``hbar`` :math:`\hbar = h/(2\pi)`
|
|
``G`` Newtonian constant of gravitation
|
|
``gravitational_constant`` Newtonian constant of gravitation
|
|
``g`` standard acceleration of gravity
|
|
``e`` elementary charge
|
|
``elementary_charge`` elementary charge
|
|
``R`` molar gas constant
|
|
``gas_constant`` molar gas constant
|
|
``alpha`` fine-structure constant
|
|
``fine_structure`` fine-structure constant
|
|
``N_A`` Avogadro constant
|
|
``Avogadro`` Avogadro constant
|
|
``k`` Boltzmann constant
|
|
``Boltzmann`` Boltzmann constant
|
|
``sigma`` Stefan-Boltzmann constant :math:`\sigma`
|
|
``Stefan_Boltzmann`` Stefan-Boltzmann constant :math:`\sigma`
|
|
``Wien`` Wien displacement law constant
|
|
``Rydberg`` Rydberg constant
|
|
``m_e`` electron mass
|
|
``electron_mass`` electron mass
|
|
``m_p`` proton mass
|
|
``proton_mass`` proton mass
|
|
``m_n`` neutron mass
|
|
``neutron_mass`` neutron mass
|
|
=========================== =================================================================
|
|
|
|
|
|
Constants database
|
|
------------------
|
|
|
|
In addition to the above variables, :mod:`scipy.constants` also contains the
|
|
2014 CODATA recommended values [CODATA2014]_ database containing more physical
|
|
constants.
|
|
|
|
.. autosummary::
|
|
:toctree: generated/
|
|
|
|
value -- Value in physical_constants indexed by key
|
|
unit -- Unit in physical_constants indexed by key
|
|
precision -- Relative precision in physical_constants indexed by key
|
|
find -- Return list of physical_constant keys with a given string
|
|
ConstantWarning -- Constant sought not in newest CODATA data set
|
|
|
|
.. data:: physical_constants
|
|
|
|
Dictionary of physical constants, of the format
|
|
``physical_constants[name] = (value, unit, uncertainty)``.
|
|
|
|
Available constants:
|
|
|
|
====================================================================== ====
|
|
%(constant_names)s
|
|
====================================================================== ====
|
|
|
|
|
|
Units
|
|
=====
|
|
|
|
SI prefixes
|
|
-----------
|
|
|
|
============ =================================================================
|
|
``yotta`` :math:`10^{24}`
|
|
``zetta`` :math:`10^{21}`
|
|
``exa`` :math:`10^{18}`
|
|
``peta`` :math:`10^{15}`
|
|
``tera`` :math:`10^{12}`
|
|
``giga`` :math:`10^{9}`
|
|
``mega`` :math:`10^{6}`
|
|
``kilo`` :math:`10^{3}`
|
|
``hecto`` :math:`10^{2}`
|
|
``deka`` :math:`10^{1}`
|
|
``deci`` :math:`10^{-1}`
|
|
``centi`` :math:`10^{-2}`
|
|
``milli`` :math:`10^{-3}`
|
|
``micro`` :math:`10^{-6}`
|
|
``nano`` :math:`10^{-9}`
|
|
``pico`` :math:`10^{-12}`
|
|
``femto`` :math:`10^{-15}`
|
|
``atto`` :math:`10^{-18}`
|
|
``zepto`` :math:`10^{-21}`
|
|
============ =================================================================
|
|
|
|
Binary prefixes
|
|
---------------
|
|
|
|
============ =================================================================
|
|
``kibi`` :math:`2^{10}`
|
|
``mebi`` :math:`2^{20}`
|
|
``gibi`` :math:`2^{30}`
|
|
``tebi`` :math:`2^{40}`
|
|
``pebi`` :math:`2^{50}`
|
|
``exbi`` :math:`2^{60}`
|
|
``zebi`` :math:`2^{70}`
|
|
``yobi`` :math:`2^{80}`
|
|
============ =================================================================
|
|
|
|
Mass
|
|
----
|
|
|
|
================= ============================================================
|
|
``gram`` :math:`10^{-3}` kg
|
|
``metric_ton`` :math:`10^{3}` kg
|
|
``grain`` one grain in kg
|
|
``lb`` one pound (avoirdupous) in kg
|
|
``pound`` one pound (avoirdupous) in kg
|
|
``blob`` one inch version of a slug in kg (added in 1.0.0)
|
|
``slinch`` one inch version of a slug in kg (added in 1.0.0)
|
|
``slug`` one slug in kg (added in 1.0.0)
|
|
``oz`` one ounce in kg
|
|
``ounce`` one ounce in kg
|
|
``stone`` one stone in kg
|
|
``grain`` one grain in kg
|
|
``long_ton`` one long ton in kg
|
|
``short_ton`` one short ton in kg
|
|
``troy_ounce`` one Troy ounce in kg
|
|
``troy_pound`` one Troy pound in kg
|
|
``carat`` one carat in kg
|
|
``m_u`` atomic mass constant (in kg)
|
|
``u`` atomic mass constant (in kg)
|
|
``atomic_mass`` atomic mass constant (in kg)
|
|
================= ============================================================
|
|
|
|
Angle
|
|
-----
|
|
|
|
================= ============================================================
|
|
``degree`` degree in radians
|
|
``arcmin`` arc minute in radians
|
|
``arcminute`` arc minute in radians
|
|
``arcsec`` arc second in radians
|
|
``arcsecond`` arc second in radians
|
|
================= ============================================================
|
|
|
|
|
|
Time
|
|
----
|
|
|
|
================= ============================================================
|
|
``minute`` one minute in seconds
|
|
``hour`` one hour in seconds
|
|
``day`` one day in seconds
|
|
``week`` one week in seconds
|
|
``year`` one year (365 days) in seconds
|
|
``Julian_year`` one Julian year (365.25 days) in seconds
|
|
================= ============================================================
|
|
|
|
|
|
Length
|
|
------
|
|
|
|
===================== ============================================================
|
|
``inch`` one inch in meters
|
|
``foot`` one foot in meters
|
|
``yard`` one yard in meters
|
|
``mile`` one mile in meters
|
|
``mil`` one mil in meters
|
|
``pt`` one point in meters
|
|
``point`` one point in meters
|
|
``survey_foot`` one survey foot in meters
|
|
``survey_mile`` one survey mile in meters
|
|
``nautical_mile`` one nautical mile in meters
|
|
``fermi`` one Fermi in meters
|
|
``angstrom`` one Angstrom in meters
|
|
``micron`` one micron in meters
|
|
``au`` one astronomical unit in meters
|
|
``astronomical_unit`` one astronomical unit in meters
|
|
``light_year`` one light year in meters
|
|
``parsec`` one parsec in meters
|
|
===================== ============================================================
|
|
|
|
Pressure
|
|
--------
|
|
|
|
================= ============================================================
|
|
``atm`` standard atmosphere in pascals
|
|
``atmosphere`` standard atmosphere in pascals
|
|
``bar`` one bar in pascals
|
|
``torr`` one torr (mmHg) in pascals
|
|
``mmHg`` one torr (mmHg) in pascals
|
|
``psi`` one psi in pascals
|
|
================= ============================================================
|
|
|
|
Area
|
|
----
|
|
|
|
================= ============================================================
|
|
``hectare`` one hectare in square meters
|
|
``acre`` one acre in square meters
|
|
================= ============================================================
|
|
|
|
|
|
Volume
|
|
------
|
|
|
|
=================== ========================================================
|
|
``liter`` one liter in cubic meters
|
|
``litre`` one liter in cubic meters
|
|
``gallon`` one gallon (US) in cubic meters
|
|
``gallon_US`` one gallon (US) in cubic meters
|
|
``gallon_imp`` one gallon (UK) in cubic meters
|
|
``fluid_ounce`` one fluid ounce (US) in cubic meters
|
|
``fluid_ounce_US`` one fluid ounce (US) in cubic meters
|
|
``fluid_ounce_imp`` one fluid ounce (UK) in cubic meters
|
|
``bbl`` one barrel in cubic meters
|
|
``barrel`` one barrel in cubic meters
|
|
=================== ========================================================
|
|
|
|
Speed
|
|
-----
|
|
|
|
================== ==========================================================
|
|
``kmh`` kilometers per hour in meters per second
|
|
``mph`` miles per hour in meters per second
|
|
``mach`` one Mach (approx., at 15 C, 1 atm) in meters per second
|
|
``speed_of_sound`` one Mach (approx., at 15 C, 1 atm) in meters per second
|
|
``knot`` one knot in meters per second
|
|
================== ==========================================================
|
|
|
|
|
|
Temperature
|
|
-----------
|
|
|
|
===================== =======================================================
|
|
``zero_Celsius`` zero of Celsius scale in Kelvin
|
|
``degree_Fahrenheit`` one Fahrenheit (only differences) in Kelvins
|
|
===================== =======================================================
|
|
|
|
.. autosummary::
|
|
:toctree: generated/
|
|
|
|
convert_temperature
|
|
|
|
Energy
|
|
------
|
|
|
|
==================== =======================================================
|
|
``eV`` one electron volt in Joules
|
|
``electron_volt`` one electron volt in Joules
|
|
``calorie`` one calorie (thermochemical) in Joules
|
|
``calorie_th`` one calorie (thermochemical) in Joules
|
|
``calorie_IT`` one calorie (International Steam Table calorie, 1956) in Joules
|
|
``erg`` one erg in Joules
|
|
``Btu`` one British thermal unit (International Steam Table) in Joules
|
|
``Btu_IT`` one British thermal unit (International Steam Table) in Joules
|
|
``Btu_th`` one British thermal unit (thermochemical) in Joules
|
|
``ton_TNT`` one ton of TNT in Joules
|
|
==================== =======================================================
|
|
|
|
Power
|
|
-----
|
|
|
|
==================== =======================================================
|
|
``hp`` one horsepower in watts
|
|
``horsepower`` one horsepower in watts
|
|
==================== =======================================================
|
|
|
|
Force
|
|
-----
|
|
|
|
==================== =======================================================
|
|
``dyn`` one dyne in newtons
|
|
``dyne`` one dyne in newtons
|
|
``lbf`` one pound force in newtons
|
|
``pound_force`` one pound force in newtons
|
|
``kgf`` one kilogram force in newtons
|
|
``kilogram_force`` one kilogram force in newtons
|
|
==================== =======================================================
|
|
|
|
Optics
|
|
------
|
|
|
|
.. autosummary::
|
|
:toctree: generated/
|
|
|
|
lambda2nu
|
|
nu2lambda
|
|
|
|
References
|
|
==========
|
|
|
|
.. [CODATA2014] CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental
|
|
Physical Constants 2014.
|
|
|
|
http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
from __future__ import division, print_function, absolute_import
|
|
|
|
# Modules contributed by BasSw (wegwerp@gmail.com)
|
|
from .codata import *
|
|
from .constants import *
|
|
from .codata import _obsolete_constants
|
|
|
|
_constant_names = [(_k.lower(), _k, _v)
|
|
for _k, _v in physical_constants.items()
|
|
if _k not in _obsolete_constants]
|
|
_constant_names = "\n".join(["``%s``%s %s %s" % (_x[1], " "*(66-len(_x[1])),
|
|
_x[2][0], _x[2][1])
|
|
for _x in sorted(_constant_names)])
|
|
if __doc__ is not None:
|
|
__doc__ = __doc__ % dict(constant_names=_constant_names)
|
|
|
|
del _constant_names
|
|
|
|
__all__ = [s for s in dir() if not s.startswith('_')]
|
|
|
|
from scipy._lib._testutils import PytestTester
|
|
test = PytestTester(__name__)
|
|
del PytestTester
|