laywerrobot/lib/python3.6/site-packages/scipy/HACKING.rst.txt

=====================
Contributing to SciPy
=====================

This document aims to give an overview of how to contribute to SciPy.  It
tries to answer commonly asked questions, and provide some insight into how the
community process works in practice.  Readers who are familiar with the SciPy
community and are experienced Python coders may want to jump straight to the
`git workflow`_ documentation.

There are a lot of ways you can contribute:

- Contributing new code
- Fixing bugs and other maintenance work
- Improving the documentation
- Reviewing open pull requests
- Triaging issues
- Working on the `scipy.org`_ website
- Answering questions and participating on the scipy-dev and scipy-user
  `mailing lists`_.

Contributing new code
=====================

If you have been working with the scientific Python toolstack for a while, you
probably have some code lying around of which you think "this could be useful
for others too".  Perhaps it's a good idea then to contribute it to SciPy or
another open source project.  The first question to ask is then, where does
this code belong?  That question is hard to answer here, so we start with a
more specific one: *what code is suitable for putting into SciPy?*
Almost all of the new code added to scipy has in common that it's potentially
useful in multiple scientific domains and it fits in the scope of existing
scipy submodules.  In principle new submodules can be added too, but this is
far less common.  For code that is specific to a single application, there may
be an existing project that can use the code.  Some scikits (`scikit-learn`_,
`scikit-image`_, `statsmodels`_, etc.) are good examples here; they have a
narrower focus and because of that more domain-specific code than SciPy.

Now if you have code that you would like to see included in SciPy, how do you
go about it?  After checking that your code can be distributed in SciPy under a
compatible license (see FAQ for details), the first step is to discuss on the
scipy-dev mailing list.  All new features, as well as changes to existing code,
are discussed and decided on there.  You can, and probably should, already
start this discussion before your code is finished.

Assuming the outcome of the discussion on the mailing list is positive and you
have a function or piece of code that does what you need it to do, what next?
Before code is added to SciPy, it at least has to have good documentation, unit
tests and correct code style.

1. Unit tests
    In principle you should aim to create unit tests that exercise all the code
    that you are adding.  This gives some degree of confidence that your code
    runs correctly, also on Python versions and hardware or OSes that you don't
    have available yourself.  An extensive description of how to write unit
    tests is given in the NumPy `testing guidelines`_.

2. Documentation
    Clear and complete documentation is essential in order for users to be able
    to find and understand the code.  Documentation for individual functions
    and classes -- which includes at least a basic description, type and
    meaning of all parameters and returns values, and usage examples in
    `doctest`_ format -- is put in docstrings.  Those docstrings can be read
    within the interpreter, and are compiled into a reference guide in html and
    pdf format.  Higher-level documentation for key (areas of) functionality is
    provided in tutorial format and/or in module docstrings.  A guide on how to
    write documentation is given in `how to document`_.

3. Code style
    Uniformity of style in which code is written is important to others trying
    to understand the code.  SciPy follows the standard Python guidelines for
    code style, `PEP8`_.  In order to check that your code conforms to PEP8,
    you can use the `pep8 package`_ style checker.  Most IDEs and text editors
    have settings that can help you follow PEP8, for example by translating
    tabs by four spaces.  Using `pyflakes`_ to check your code is also a good
    idea.

At the end of this document a checklist is given that may help to check if your
code fulfills all requirements for inclusion in SciPy.

Another question you may have is: *where exactly do I put my code*?  To answer
this, it is useful to understand how the SciPy public API (application
programming interface) is defined.  For most modules the API is two levels
deep, which means your new function should appear as
``scipy.submodule.my_new_func``.  ``my_new_func`` can be put in an existing or
new file under ``/scipy/<submodule>/``, its name is added to the ``__all__``
list in that file (which lists all public functions in the file), and those
public functions are then imported in  ``/scipy/<submodule>/__init__.py``.  Any
private functions/classes should have a leading underscore (``_``) in their
name.  A more detailed description of what the public API of SciPy is, is given
in `SciPy API`_.

Once you think your code is ready for inclusion in SciPy, you can send a pull
request (PR) on Github.  We won't go into the details of how to work with git
here, this is described well in the `git workflow`_ section of the NumPy
documentation and on the `Github help pages`_.  When you send the PR for a new
feature, be sure to also mention this on the scipy-dev mailing list.  This can
prompt interested people to help review your PR.  Assuming that you already got
positive feedback before on the general idea of your code/feature, the purpose
of the code review is to ensure that the code is correct, efficient and meets
the requirements outlined above.  In many cases the code review happens
relatively quickly, but it's possible that it stalls.  If you have addressed
all feedback already given, it's perfectly fine to ask on the mailing list
again for review (after a reasonable amount of time, say a couple of weeks, has
passed).  Once the review is completed, the PR is merged into the "master"
branch of SciPy.

The above describes the requirements and process for adding code to SciPy.  It
doesn't yet answer the question though how decisions are made exactly.  The
basic answer is: decisions are made by consensus, by everyone who chooses to
participate in the discussion on the mailing list.  This includes developers,
other users and yourself.  Aiming for consensus in the discussion is important
-- SciPy is a project by and for the scientific Python community.  In those
rare cases that agreement cannot be reached, the maintainers of the module
in question can decide the issue.


Contributing by helping maintain existing code
==============================================

The previous section talked specifically about adding new functionality to
SciPy.  A large part of that discussion also applies to maintenance of existing
code.  Maintenance means fixing bugs, improving code quality or style,
documenting existing functionality better, adding missing unit tests, keeping
build scripts up-to-date, etc.  The SciPy `issue list`_ contains all
reported bugs, build/documentation issues, etc.  Fixing issues
helps improve the overall quality of SciPy, and is also a good way
of getting familiar with the project.  You may also want to fix a bug because
you ran into it and need the function in question to work correctly.

The discussion on code style and unit testing above applies equally to bug
fixes.  It is usually best to start by writing a unit test that shows the
problem, i.e. it should pass but doesn't.  Once you have that, you can fix the
code so that the test does pass.  That should be enough to send a PR for this
issue.  Unlike when adding new code, discussing this on the mailing list may
not be necessary - if the old behavior of the code is clearly incorrect, no one
will object to having it fixed.  It may be necessary to add some warning or
deprecation message for the changed behavior.  This should be part of the
review process.


Reviewing pull requests
=======================

Reviewing open pull requests (PRs) is very welcome, and a valuable way to help
increase the speed at which the project moves forward.  If you have specific
knowledge/experience in a particular area (say "optimization algorithms" or
"special functions") then reviewing PRs in that area is especially valuable -
sometimes PRs with technical code have to wait for a long time to get merged
due to a shortage of appropriate reviewers.

We encourage everyone to get involved in the review process; it's also a
great way to get familiar with the code base.  Reviewers should ask
themselves some or all of the following questions:

- Was this change adequately discussed (relevant for new features and changes
  in existing behavior)?
- Is the feature scientifically sound? Algorithms may be known to work based on
  literature; otherwise, closer look at correctness is valuable.
- Is the intended behavior clear under all conditions (e.g. unexpected inputs
  like empty arrays or nan/inf values)?
- Does the code meet the quality, test and documentation expectation outline
  under `Contributing new code`_?

If we do not know you yet, consider introducing yourself.


Other ways to contribute
========================

There are many ways to contribute other than contributing code.

Triaging issues (investigating bug reports for validity and possible actions to
take) is also a useful activity.  SciPy has many hundreds of open issues;
closing invalid ones and correctly labeling valid ones (ideally with some first
thoughts in a comment) allows prioritizing maintenance work and finding related
issues easily when working on an existing function or submodule.

Participating in discussions on the scipy-user and scipy-dev `mailing lists`_ is
a contribution in itself.  Everyone who writes to those lists with a problem or
an idea would like to get responses, and writing such responses makes the
project and community function better and appear more welcoming.

The `scipy.org`_ website contains a lot of information on both SciPy the
project and SciPy the community, and it can always use a new pair of hands.
The sources for the website live in their own separate repo:
https://github.com/scipy/scipy.org


Recommended development setup
=============================

Since Scipy contains parts written in C, C++, and Fortran that need to be
compiled before use, make sure you have the necessary compilers and Python
development headers installed.  Having compiled code also means that importing
Scipy from the development sources needs some additional steps, which are
explained below.

First fork a copy of the main Scipy repository in Github onto your own
account and then create your local repository via::

    $ git clone git@github.com:YOURUSERNAME/scipy.git scipy
    $ cd scipy
    $ git remote add upstream git://github.com/scipy/scipy.git

To build the development version of Scipy and run tests, spawn
interactive shells with the Python import paths properly set up etc.,
do one of::

    $ python runtests.py -v
    $ python runtests.py -v -s optimize
    $ python runtests.py -v -t scipy.special.tests.test_basic::test_xlogy
    $ python runtests.py --ipython
    $ python runtests.py --python somescript.py
    $ python runtests.py --bench

This builds Scipy first, so the first time it may take some time.  If
you specify ``-n``, the tests are run against the version of Scipy (if
any) found on current PYTHONPATH.  *Note: if you run into a build issue,
more detailed build documentation can be found in :doc:`building/index` and at
https://github.com/scipy/scipy/tree/master/doc/source/building*

Using ``runtests.py`` is the recommended approach to running tests.
There are also a number of alternatives to it, for example in-place
build or installing to a virtualenv. See the FAQ below for details.

Some of the tests in Scipy are very slow and need to be separately
enabled. See the FAQ below for details.


SciPy structure
===============

All SciPy modules should follow the following conventions. In the
following, a *SciPy module* is defined as a Python package, say
``yyy``, that is located in the scipy/ directory.

* Ideally, each SciPy module should be as self-contained as possible.
  That is, it should have minimal dependencies on other packages or
  modules.  Even dependencies on other SciPy modules should be kept to
  a minimum.  A dependency on NumPy is of course assumed.

* Directory ``yyy/`` contains:

  - A file ``setup.py`` that defines
    ``configuration(parent_package='',top_path=None)`` function
    for `numpy.distutils`.

  - A directory ``tests/`` that contains files ``test_<name>.py``
    corresponding to modules ``yyy/<name>{.py,.so,/}``.

* Private modules should be prefixed with an underscore ``_``,
  for instance ``yyy/_somemodule.py``.

* User-visible functions should have good documentation following
  the Numpy documentation style, see `how to document`_

* The ``__init__.py`` of the module should contain the main reference
  documentation in its docstring. This is connected to the Sphinx
  documentation under ``doc/`` via Sphinx's automodule directive.

  The reference documentation should first give a categorized list of
  the contents of the module using ``autosummary::`` directives, and
  after that explain points essential for understanding the use of the
  module.

  Tutorial-style documentation with extensive examples should be
  separate, and put under ``doc/source/tutorial/``

See the existing Scipy submodules for guidance.

For further details on Numpy distutils, see:

  https://github.com/numpy/numpy/blob/master/doc/DISTUTILS.rst.txt


Useful links, FAQ, checklist
============================

Checklist before submitting a PR
--------------------------------

  - Are there unit tests with good code coverage?
  - Do all public function have docstrings including examples?
  - Is the code style correct (PEP8, pyflakes)
  - Is the commit message `formatted correctly`_?
  - Is the new functionality tagged with ``.. versionadded:: X.Y.Z`` (with
    X.Y.Z the version number of the next release - can be found in setup.py)?
  - Is the new functionality mentioned in the release notes of the next
    release?
  - Is the new functionality added to the reference guide?
  - In case of larger additions, is there a tutorial or more extensive
    module-level description?
  - In case compiled code is added, is it integrated correctly via setup.py
    (and preferably also Bento configuration files - bento.info and bscript)?
  - If you are a first-time contributor, did you add yourself to THANKS.txt?
    Please note that this is perfectly normal and desirable - the aim is to
    give every single contributor credit, and if you don't add yourself it's
    simply extra work for the reviewer (or worse, the reviewer may forget).
  - Did you check that the code can be distributed under a BSD license?


Useful SciPy documents
----------------------

  - The `how to document`_ guidelines
  - NumPy/SciPy `testing guidelines`_
  - `SciPy API`_
  - The `SciPy Roadmap`_
  - NumPy/SciPy `git workflow`_
  - How to submit a good `bug report`_


FAQ
---

*I based my code on existing Matlab/R/... code I found online, is this OK?*

It depends.  SciPy is distributed under a BSD license, so if the code that you
based your code on is also BSD licensed or has a BSD-compatible license (e.g.
MIT, PSF) then it's OK.  Code which is GPL or Apache licensed, has no
clear license, requires citation or is free for academic use only can't be
included in SciPy.  Therefore if you copied existing code with such a license
or made a direct translation to Python of it, your code can't be included.
If you're unsure, please ask on the scipy-dev mailing list.

*Why is SciPy under the BSD license and not, say, the GPL?*

Like Python, SciPy uses a "permissive" open source license, which allows
proprietary re-use. While this allows companies to use and modify the software
without giving anything back, it is felt that the larger user base results in
more contributions overall, and companies often publish their modifications
anyway, without being required to.  See John Hunter's `BSD pitch`_.


*How do I set up a development version of SciPy in parallel to a released
version that I use to do my job/research?*

One simple way to achieve this is to install the released version in
site-packages, by using a binary installer or pip for example, and set
up the development version in a virtualenv.  First install
`virtualenv`_ (optionally use `virtualenvwrapper`_), then create your
virtualenv (named scipy-dev here) with::

    $ virtualenv scipy-dev

Now, whenever you want to switch to the virtual environment, you can use the
command ``source scipy-dev/bin/activate``, and ``deactivate`` to exit from the
virtual environment and back to your previous shell.  With scipy-dev
activated, install first Scipy's dependencies::

    $ pip install Numpy pytest Cython

After that, you can install a development version of Scipy, for example via::

    $ python setup.py install

The installation goes to the virtual environment.


*How do I set up an in-place build for development*

For development, you can set up an in-place build so that changes made to
``.py`` files have effect without rebuild. First, run::

    $ python setup.py build_ext -i

Then you need to point your PYTHONPATH environment variable to this directory.
Some IDEs (Spyder for example) have utilities to manage PYTHONPATH.  On Linux
and OSX, you can run the command::

    $ export PYTHONPATH=$PWD

and on Windows

    $ set PYTHONPATH=/path/to/scipy

Now editing a Python source file in SciPy allows you to immediately
test and use your changes (in ``.py`` files), by simply restarting the
interpreter.


*Are there any video examples for installing from source, setting up a 
development environment, etc...?*

Currently, there are two video demonstrations for Anaconda Python on macOS:

`Anaconda SciPy Dev Part I (macOS)`_ is a four-minute
overview of installing Anaconda, building SciPy from source, and testing
changes made to SciPy from the Spyder IDE.

`Anaconda SciPy Dev Part II (macOS)`_ shows how to use
a virtual environment to easily switch between the "pre-built version" of SciPy
installed with Anaconda and your "source-built version" of SciPy created
according to Part I.


*Are there any video examples of the basic development workflow?*

`SciPy Development Workflow`_ is a five-minute example of fixing a bug and 
submitting a pull request. While it's intended as a followup to
`Anaconda SciPy Dev Part I (macOS)`_ and `Anaconda SciPy Dev Part II (macOS)`_,
the process is similar for other development setups.


*Can I use a programming language other than Python to speed up my code?*

Yes.  The languages used in SciPy are Python, Cython, C, C++ and Fortran.  All
of these have their pros and cons.  If Python really doesn't offer enough
performance, one of those languages can be used.  Important concerns when
using compiled languages are maintainability and portability.  For
maintainability, Cython is clearly preferred over C/C++/Fortran.  Cython and C
are more portable than C++/Fortran.  A lot of the existing C and Fortran code
in SciPy is older, battle-tested code that was only wrapped in (but not
specifically written for) Python/SciPy.  Therefore the basic advice is: use
Cython.  If there's specific reasons why C/C++/Fortran should be preferred,
please discuss those reasons first.


*How do I debug code written in C/C++/Fortran inside Scipy?*

The easiest way to do this is to first write a Python script that
invokes the C code whose execution you want to debug. For instance
``mytest.py``::

    from scipy.special import hyp2f1
    print(hyp2f1(5.0, 1.0, -1.8, 0.95))

Now, you can run::

    gdb --args python runtests.py -g --python mytest.py

If you didn't compile with debug symbols enabled before, remove the
``build`` directory first. While in the debugger::

    (gdb) break cephes_hyp2f1
    (gdb) run

The execution will now stop at the corresponding C function and you
can step through it as usual. Instead of plain ``gdb`` you can of
course use your favourite alternative debugger; run it on the
``python`` binary with arguments ``runtests.py -g --python mytest.py``.


*How do I enable additional tests in Scipy?*

Some of the tests in Scipy's test suite are very slow and not enabled
by default. You can run the full suite via::

    $ python runtests.py -g -m full

This invokes the test suite ``import scipy; scipy.test("full")``,
enabling also slow tests.

There is an additional level of very slow tests (several minutes),
which are disabled also in this case. They can be enabled by setting
the environment variable ``SCIPY_XSLOW=1`` before running the test
suite.


.. _scikit-learn: http://scikit-learn.org

.. _scikit-image: http://scikit-image.org/

.. _statsmodels: http://statsmodels.sourceforge.net/

.. _testing guidelines: https://github.com/numpy/numpy/blob/master/doc/TESTS.rst.txt

.. _formatted correctly: http://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/dev/gitwash/development_workflow.html#writing-the-commit-message

.. _how to document: https://github.com/numpy/numpy/blob/master/doc/HOWTO_DOCUMENT.rst.txt

.. _bug report: http://scipy.org/bug-report.html

.. _PEP8: http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/

.. _pep8 package: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/pep8

.. _pyflakes: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/pyflakes

.. _SciPy API: https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/api.html

.. _SciPy Roadmap: https://scipy.github.io/devdocs/roadmap.html

.. _git workflow: http://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/dev/gitwash/index.html

.. _Github help pages: https://help.github.com/articles/set-up-git/

.. _issue list: https://github.com/scipy/scipy/issues

.. _Github: https://github.com/scipy/scipy

.. _scipy.org: https://scipy.org/

.. _scipy.github.com: http://scipy.github.com/

.. _scipy.org-new: https://github.com/scipy/scipy.org-new

.. _documentation wiki: https://docs.scipy.org/scipy/Front%20Page/

.. _SciPy Central: http://scipy-central.org/

.. _doctest: http://www.doughellmann.com/PyMOTW/doctest/

.. _virtualenv: http://www.virtualenv.org/

.. _virtualenvwrapper: http://www.doughellmann.com/projects/virtualenvwrapper/

.. _bsd pitch: http://nipy.sourceforge.net/nipy/stable/faq/johns_bsd_pitch.html

.. _Pytest: https://pytest.org/

.. _mailing lists: https://www.scipy.org/scipylib/mailing-lists.html

.. _Anaconda SciPy Dev Part I (macOS): https://youtu.be/1rPOSNd0ULI

.. _Anaconda SciPy Dev Part II (macOS): https://youtu.be/Faz29u5xIZc

.. _SciPy Development Workflow: https://youtu.be/HgU01gJbzMY