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README.md
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README.md
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## Important-Linux-commands
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# Table of Contents
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1. [Important-Linux-commands](#Important-Linux-commands)
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2. [getting some INFO about the system](#getting some INFO about the system)
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3. [cool programs you find on almost all linux](#cool programs you find on almost all linux)
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# Important-Linux-commands
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The commands which make life in cyberspace easier.
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@ -8,19 +14,19 @@ projecting code in your mind from your mind.
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You are a specific point on some system, when you are in the shell.
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you can see what is in the directory you are with the command
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# ls
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## ls
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this command also can display other useful information. Of what is inside the directory
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you are in.
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# cd
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## cd
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The most important one.
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Instead to click, you change directories via command.
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that makes it possible to jump from one point to the other, especially with autocompletion.
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# man
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## man
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In general you can get the manual entries for each of the programs described here and much more.
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@ -33,7 +39,7 @@ or type
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and you will get the manual opened historically with nano or less.. not sure, both good old editors.
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# cp
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## cp
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copy files from one place to another. (relatively from you)
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@ -43,7 +49,7 @@ when there is already file1.py in the destination directory, it gets overwritten
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# Concept of piping with >
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## Concept of piping with >
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in the shell you have standard input and standard output.
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Nothing more.
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@ -61,26 +67,26 @@ you can use >> instead. Writing it like this:
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This both is piping. There is another very important aspect of piping described later.
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# mkdir
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## mkdir
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another basic command.
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Create a new directory ("make dir")
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# su
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## su
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stands for super user.
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use it to become super user.
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then the symbol in your shell changes from $ which means you are normal user to # which is the sysmbol of being superuser, or in other words: root.
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# sudo
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## sudo
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this is a program you can put in front of commands, to get the superuser for only this command, typing your password of course.
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then for other x times writing sudo, you can issue commands as superuser without even typing in a password.
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# alias
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## alias
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give your complicated commands easy remember commands.
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@ -98,7 +104,7 @@ to get the configuration loaded. On other linux there will be an analogon.
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# cat
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## cat
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print out what you have in front of you on the standard output.
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@ -109,7 +115,7 @@ for instance:
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cat doc1.txt doc2.txt > doc1ANDdoc2.txt
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# chown
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## chown
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On linux everything are only directories and (txt)files.
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All these objects have an owner, or also multiple ones.
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@ -118,7 +124,7 @@ All these objects have an owner, or also multiple ones.
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gives root the ownership of kp.txt
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# chmod
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## chmod
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Every owner then has file permissions. That means he can read write or x (do) something.
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he can do all of them or some of them or none of them. Thats defined in codes, 777 gives them all and 660 doesnt completely.
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@ -132,11 +138,11 @@ bzw
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Just look it up what people say regarding permissions and certain directories.
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# history
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## history
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this lists all the commands of the shell you are in, that you have typed in lastly.
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# grep
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## grep
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if you have some bigger output of some of the former commands for example. Or whatever big output. then use grep to filter out the lines that have a certain word in it.
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@ -148,7 +154,7 @@ is pretty cool. It searches you all the files recursively from your point in cyb
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# piping with |
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## piping with |
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here comes into account the piping with |.
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@ -163,7 +169,7 @@ as the output of history gives one command per line, grep will filter out exactl
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# getting some INFO about the system
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# df
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## df
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prints you out disc usage of your hardware
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@ -172,7 +178,7 @@ prints you out disc usage of your hardware
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does it in humanreadable
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# du
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## du
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prints out the size of files around you
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@ -181,17 +187,17 @@ prints out the size of files around you
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prints in human readable with depth 2, that means in the directories and in their subdirectories.
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# lsblk
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## lsblk
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prints you out all the hardware devices with memory
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# htop respectively top
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## htop respectively top
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gives you a terminal graphics programm interface to see all running processes
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# tail -f
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## tail -f
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with tail or also head, you can print out the last or the first lines of a file
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@ -199,7 +205,7 @@ When you use tail -f, you get a stream of the documents last lines.
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Thats perfect for some log files that get written.
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# journalctl -f
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## journalctl -f
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this gives you a stream of the kernel messages, which are pretty a lot about a lot of different topics of the programs on your machine.
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@ -207,11 +213,11 @@ The kernel is the ground software, running the hardware of the proper materia de
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Its mostly in C.
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C is like the base of all languages. (if its not assembly)
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# uname (-a or -r or other)
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## uname (-a or -r or other)
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gives you general infos about system, OS, and stuff
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# systemctl
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## systemctl
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some people do not like systemctl.
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I personally have parts of my structures that are managed by this software.
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I ask systemctl to give me the status of the nginx daemon, running in the background of my (and actually all of my machines there is running one nginx daemon) machine.
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## cool programs you find on almost all linux
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# cool programs you find on almost all linux
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# ssh
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## ssh
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with ssh, the secure shell, you can be on other computers worldwide connected to the internet.
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its basically the same thing as getting the standard shell programm of the system running the ssh daemon. but almost all systems do that as a standard
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# scp
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## scp
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thats copying from one computer to the other with the ssh protocol
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# rsync
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## rsync
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better than scp because it can easily recover when something bad happens during the up or download of something big. from its syntax ssh alike.
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# vnc
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## vnc
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is like ssh but for video
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# torify
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## torify
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the freedom of the internet is not a joke.
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with torify you can tunnel other programs over tor.
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with tor, with systemctl status/start/stop tor.service, with reading and writing the torrc (THE configuration file of tor) you can easily host a knot point or a bridge.
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Just understanding a lot about tor is already helping a lot for our freedom.
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# ncat
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## ncat
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on linux OSes, or probably also on other computers, a lot of things are organised in so called ports.
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