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## Important-Linux-commands # Table of Contents
1. [Important-Linux-commands](#Important-Linux-commands)
2. [getting some INFO about the system](#getting some INFO about the system)
3. [cool programs you find on almost all linux](#cool programs you find on almost all linux)
# Important-Linux-commands
The commands which make life in cyberspace easier. The commands which make life in cyberspace easier.
@ -8,19 +14,19 @@ projecting code in your mind from your mind.
You are a specific point on some system, when you are in the shell. You are a specific point on some system, when you are in the shell.
you can see what is in the directory you are with the command you can see what is in the directory you are with the command
# ls ## ls
this command also can display other useful information. Of what is inside the directory this command also can display other useful information. Of what is inside the directory
you are in. you are in.
# cd ## cd
The most important one. The most important one.
Instead to click, you change directories via command. Instead to click, you change directories via command.
that makes it possible to jump from one point to the other, especially with autocompletion. that makes it possible to jump from one point to the other, especially with autocompletion.
# man ## man
In general you can get the manual entries for each of the programs described here and much more. In general you can get the manual entries for each of the programs described here and much more.
@ -33,7 +39,7 @@ or type
and you will get the manual opened historically with nano or less.. not sure, both good old editors. and you will get the manual opened historically with nano or less.. not sure, both good old editors.
# cp ## cp
copy files from one place to another. (relatively from you) copy files from one place to another. (relatively from you)
@ -43,7 +49,7 @@ when there is already file1.py in the destination directory, it gets overwritten
# Concept of piping with > ## Concept of piping with >
in the shell you have standard input and standard output. in the shell you have standard input and standard output.
Nothing more. Nothing more.
@ -61,26 +67,26 @@ you can use >> instead. Writing it like this:
This both is piping. There is another very important aspect of piping described later. This both is piping. There is another very important aspect of piping described later.
# mkdir ## mkdir
another basic command. another basic command.
Create a new directory ("make dir") Create a new directory ("make dir")
# su ## su
stands for super user. stands for super user.
use it to become super user. use it to become super user.
then the symbol in your shell changes from $ which means you are normal user to # which is the sysmbol of being superuser, or in other words: root. then the symbol in your shell changes from $ which means you are normal user to # which is the sysmbol of being superuser, or in other words: root.
# sudo ## sudo
this is a program you can put in front of commands, to get the superuser for only this command, typing your password of course. this is a program you can put in front of commands, to get the superuser for only this command, typing your password of course.
then for other x times writing sudo, you can issue commands as superuser without even typing in a password. then for other x times writing sudo, you can issue commands as superuser without even typing in a password.
# alias ## alias
give your complicated commands easy remember commands. give your complicated commands easy remember commands.
@ -98,7 +104,7 @@ to get the configuration loaded. On other linux there will be an analogon.
# cat ## cat
print out what you have in front of you on the standard output. print out what you have in front of you on the standard output.
@ -109,7 +115,7 @@ for instance:
cat doc1.txt doc2.txt > doc1ANDdoc2.txt cat doc1.txt doc2.txt > doc1ANDdoc2.txt
# chown ## chown
On linux everything are only directories and (txt)files. On linux everything are only directories and (txt)files.
All these objects have an owner, or also multiple ones. All these objects have an owner, or also multiple ones.
@ -118,7 +124,7 @@ All these objects have an owner, or also multiple ones.
gives root the ownership of kp.txt gives root the ownership of kp.txt
# chmod ## chmod
Every owner then has file permissions. That means he can read write or x (do) something. Every owner then has file permissions. That means he can read write or x (do) something.
he can do all of them or some of them or none of them. Thats defined in codes, 777 gives them all and 660 doesnt completely. he can do all of them or some of them or none of them. Thats defined in codes, 777 gives them all and 660 doesnt completely.
@ -132,11 +138,11 @@ bzw
Just look it up what people say regarding permissions and certain directories. Just look it up what people say regarding permissions and certain directories.
# history ## history
this lists all the commands of the shell you are in, that you have typed in lastly. this lists all the commands of the shell you are in, that you have typed in lastly.
# grep ## grep
if you have some bigger output of some of the former commands for example. Or whatever big output. then use grep to filter out the lines that have a certain word in it. if you have some bigger output of some of the former commands for example. Or whatever big output. then use grep to filter out the lines that have a certain word in it.
@ -148,7 +154,7 @@ is pretty cool. It searches you all the files recursively from your point in cyb
# piping with | ## piping with |
here comes into account the piping with |. here comes into account the piping with |.
@ -163,7 +169,7 @@ as the output of history gives one command per line, grep will filter out exactl
# getting some INFO about the system # getting some INFO about the system
# df ## df
prints you out disc usage of your hardware prints you out disc usage of your hardware
@ -172,7 +178,7 @@ prints you out disc usage of your hardware
does it in humanreadable does it in humanreadable
# du ## du
prints out the size of files around you prints out the size of files around you
@ -181,17 +187,17 @@ prints out the size of files around you
prints in human readable with depth 2, that means in the directories and in their subdirectories. prints in human readable with depth 2, that means in the directories and in their subdirectories.
# lsblk ## lsblk
prints you out all the hardware devices with memory prints you out all the hardware devices with memory
# htop respectively top ## htop respectively top
gives you a terminal graphics programm interface to see all running processes gives you a terminal graphics programm interface to see all running processes
# tail -f ## tail -f
with tail or also head, you can print out the last or the first lines of a file with tail or also head, you can print out the last or the first lines of a file
@ -199,7 +205,7 @@ When you use tail -f, you get a stream of the documents last lines.
Thats perfect for some log files that get written. Thats perfect for some log files that get written.
# journalctl -f ## journalctl -f
this gives you a stream of the kernel messages, which are pretty a lot about a lot of different topics of the programs on your machine. this gives you a stream of the kernel messages, which are pretty a lot about a lot of different topics of the programs on your machine.
@ -207,11 +213,11 @@ The kernel is the ground software, running the hardware of the proper materia de
Its mostly in C. Its mostly in C.
C is like the base of all languages. (if its not assembly) C is like the base of all languages. (if its not assembly)
# uname (-a or -r or other) ## uname (-a or -r or other)
gives you general infos about system, OS, and stuff gives you general infos about system, OS, and stuff
# systemctl ## systemctl
some people do not like systemctl. some people do not like systemctl.
I personally have parts of my structures that are managed by this software. I personally have parts of my structures that are managed by this software.
@ -222,34 +228,34 @@ with
I ask systemctl to give me the status of the nginx daemon, running in the background of my (and actually all of my machines there is running one nginx daemon) machine. I ask systemctl to give me the status of the nginx daemon, running in the background of my (and actually all of my machines there is running one nginx daemon) machine.
## cool programs you find on almost all linux # cool programs you find on almost all linux
# ssh ## ssh
with ssh, the secure shell, you can be on other computers worldwide connected to the internet. with ssh, the secure shell, you can be on other computers worldwide connected to the internet.
its basically the same thing as getting the standard shell programm of the system running the ssh daemon. but almost all systems do that as a standard its basically the same thing as getting the standard shell programm of the system running the ssh daemon. but almost all systems do that as a standard
# scp ## scp
thats copying from one computer to the other with the ssh protocol thats copying from one computer to the other with the ssh protocol
# rsync ## rsync
better than scp because it can easily recover when something bad happens during the up or download of something big. from its syntax ssh alike. better than scp because it can easily recover when something bad happens during the up or download of something big. from its syntax ssh alike.
# vnc ## vnc
is like ssh but for video is like ssh but for video
# torify ## torify
the freedom of the internet is not a joke. the freedom of the internet is not a joke.
with torify you can tunnel other programs over tor. with torify you can tunnel other programs over tor.
with tor, with systemctl status/start/stop tor.service, with reading and writing the torrc (THE configuration file of tor) you can easily host a knot point or a bridge. with tor, with systemctl status/start/stop tor.service, with reading and writing the torrc (THE configuration file of tor) you can easily host a knot point or a bridge.
Just understanding a lot about tor is already helping a lot for our freedom. Just understanding a lot about tor is already helping a lot for our freedom.
# ncat ## ncat
on linux OSes, or probably also on other computers, a lot of things are organised in so called ports. on linux OSes, or probably also on other computers, a lot of things are organised in so called ports.